Alinea 94 Parket bij de Hoge Raad 6 november 2001

"If the offered item possesses characteristics which are fairly unique and readily identifiable, and if the substance of which the item is composed is relatively impervious to change, the trial court is viewed as having broad discretion to admit merely on the basis of testimony that the item is the one in question and is in a substantially unchanged condition. On the other hand, if the offered evidence is of such a nature as not to be readily identifiable, or to be susceptible to alteration by tampering or contamination, sound exercise of the trial court's discretion may require a substantially more elaborate foundation. A foundation of the latter sort will commonly entail testimonially tracing the "chain of custody" of the item with sufficient completeness to render it improbable that the original item has either been exchanged with another or been contaminated or tampered with. Real evidence consisting of samples drawn from a larger mass are also generally held admissible, subject to the foregoing requirements pertaining to real evidence generally, and subject to the further requirement that the sample be established to be accurately representative of the mass."

$ curl -s https://bron.page/api/v1/blobs/59b3759aebf28170657cef61ac6efbdf82de4c0aa767bae253c6f6ed58f1ba1e | shasum -a 256