Alinea 30 Raad van State 5 januari 2010

"While, in recent years, Baghdad accounted for the highest number of security incidents and civilian casualties, 2008 was the first year that more people were killed outside the capital. Violence levels in Baghdad have significantly fallen since the last quarter of 2007 as a result of several factors, including the “freeze” of JAM activities, the “surge” forces deployed by the MNF-I, the establishment of the SoI in many Sunni-dominated neighbourhoods and improved ISF capabilities. The sources of instability in Baghdad continue to be Shi’ite militia groups, including JAM and a range of splinter and “Special Groups”, and a persistent, albeit weakened, presence of predominantly Sunni insurgents, including AQI and other groups, often loosely affiliated with AQI. The targets of armed groups are, in particular, members of the ISF/MNF-I and the SoI as well as government and party officials. They also continue to target civilians, often in populated places such as markets, mosques, bus stations or restaurants. Shi’ite and Sunni extremists also share responsibility for indirect fire attacks against the International Zone (IZ), the Baghdad International Airport (BIAP) and MNF-I bases around the city. For example, on 15 January 2009, an attack on the IZ close to the UN Residential Compound resulted in the injuring three private security company guards.

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